21) Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis?

A) double fertilization

B) crossing-over

C) nondisjunction

D) autopolyploidy

E) S phase

22) Fungal cells can reproduce asexually by undergoing mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Many fungi can also prepare to reproduce sexually by undergoing

A) cytokinesis followed by karyokinesis.

B) binary fission followed by cytokinesis.

C) plasmolysis followed by karyotyping.

D) plasmogamy followed by karyogamy.

E) sporogenesis followed by gametogenesis.

23) Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes?

A) They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved.

B) They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified.

C) They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage.

D) They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens.

E) They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae.

24) For mycelia described as heterokaryons or as being dikaryotic, which process has already occurred, and which process has not yet occurred?

A) germination, plasmogamy

B) karyogamy, germination

C) meiosis, mitosis

D) germination, mitosis

E) plasmogamy, genetic recombination

25) A chemical secreted by a female Bombyx moth helps the male of the species locate her, at which time sexual reproduction may occur. This chemical is most similar in function to which chemicals used by sexually reproducing fungi?

A) chitin

B) enzymes

C) lysergic acids

D) aflatoxins

E) pheromones

26) Which of the following is characterized by the lack of an observed sexual phase in its members’ life cycle?

A) Glomeromycota

B) Basidiomycota

C) Chytridiomycota

D) Deuteromycota

E) Zygomycota

27) A biologist is trying to classify a newly discovered fungus on the basis of the following characteristics: filamentous appearance, reproduction by asexual spores, no apparent sexual phase, and parasitism of woody plants. If asked for advice, to which group would you assign this new species?

A) Deuteromycota

B) Zygomycota

C) Ascomycota

D) Basidiomycota

E) Glomeromycota

28) Which of these structures are most likely to be a component of both chytrid zoospores and motile animal cells?

A) cilia

B) flagella

C) pseudopods

D) heterokaryons

E) haustoria

29) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?

A) presence of “coal forests” and change in mode of nutrition

B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape

C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls

D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal

30) Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi?

A) presence of flagella

B) zoospores

C) autotrophic mode of nutrition

D) cell walls of cellulose

E) nucleotide sequences of several genes