21.
What is a limitation of using pedigrees for positional cloning?
A.
Some matings may not be informative.
B.
Recombination occurs during meiosis.
C.
Pedigrees can be unreliable for many traits.
D.
Pedigrees are not based on DNA sequences.
22.
If a mating results in 6 parental and 3 recombinant type offspring between a gene of interest and a marker locus, what is the Lod score for linkage at this locus?
A.
0.22
B.
1.1
C.
6.3
D.
11
23.
If a mating results in 19 parental and 1 recombinant type offspring between a gene of interest and a marker locus, what is the Lod score for linkage at this locus?
A.
0.22
B.
1.1
C.
6.3
D.
11
24.
What DNA sequencing technique is useful for high throughput sequencing?
A.
Sequencing using oligoarrays and fluorescent dyes.
B.
Dideoxynucleotides and radioactive nucleotides.
C.
Chemical degradation with radioactive nucleotides.
D.
Fluorescent nucleotides combined with acrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate the fragments.
25.
What techniques can be used to focus on a limited number of genes as being involved in a disease?
A.
Comparison of genome sequence between variant databases.
B.
Microarrays for mRNA expression analysis.
C.
Analysis of all SSRs
D.
Selection for those variants that result in silent mutations.
26.
How are databases of variants used to help find disease gene candidates?
A.
Variants from individuals that do not have the syndrome can be used to eliminate those variants as involved in causing the disease.
B.
They can indicate the probability of different variants appearing in a population.
C.
Variants from individuals that do not have the syndrome are not useful for this purpose.
D.
They can indicate rare variants that will help with the genetic identification of individuals.
27.
Which of the following polymorphism would you predict to most likely affect an individual’s phenotype?
A.
An SNP in an intron of a protein-coding gene
B.
An SSR within a telomeric sequence
C.
A DIP in the spacer DNA between genes
D.
An SNP in the start codon of a protein-coding gene
28. The process of _______ removes amniotic fluid from a pregnant mother to examine fetal cells for genetic problems.
A. amniocentesis
B. chorionic villus sampling
C. preimplantation genetic diagnosis
D.
in vitro fertilization
29. You are working in a lab where you are studying a disease that is known to be caused by a single nucleotide change, although the effect this change ultimately has on the protein’s structure/function is unknown. You have DNA samples from multiple patients that you suspect of having this disease. What is the most efficient way to test the samples for the relevant mutation?
A.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
B. DNA sequencing
C. Karyotyping
D. Amniocentesis
30.
In the United States, most newborns undergo a test for primary congenital hypothyroidism, a condition where people are unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. Which of the following technologies can potentially facilitate the genetic screening of many newborns at higher efficiency and lower cost?
A.
chorionic villus sampling.
B.
whole-exome sequencing.
C.
amniocentesis.
D.
preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
31.
SSR loci between homologous chromosomes in the same individual _________; SSR loci for the same chromosome in different individuals ________.
A.
are always the same; are always different
B.
can be the same or different; can be the same or different
C.
are always the same; can be the same or different
D.
can be the same or different; are always different
32.
When a scientist is attempting to use positional cloning to link a disease-causing allele to a molecular marker, it is important for the marker to be close to the disease-causing allele, otherwise _____ may occur.
A.
additional mutation
B.
recombination
C.
polymorphism
D.
locus heterogeneity
33.
Herceptin is a drug that is given to treat certain breast cancers. However, it is most effective on tumors that are overexpressing the gene HER2. Which of the following strategies would be best for determining whether Herceptin would be effective in a given patient?
A.
Perform preimplantation genetic diagnosis on a patient to determine whether the patient’s germ cells contain mutations in HER2, and treat with Herceptin if they do.
B.
Obtain a patient’s HER2 sequence and compare it to a database of known HER2 mutations to determine whether the overexpression allele is present; if the overexpression allele is present, give Herceptin.
C.
Obtain a patient’s HER2 sequence and compare it to a database of known HER2 mutations to confirm that the patient has mutations in the gene; then give Herceptin if any mutation is found.
D.
Obtain a patient’s HER2 sequence and perform microarray analysis to determine whether the patient contains other mutations in addition to the overexpression allele.
34.
Which principle is used in DNA microarrays to differentiate between a wild-type allele and a disease allele that differs at only one nucleotide?
A.
Copy number variation
B.
Differences in DNA hybridization
C.
Polymerase chain reaction
D.
Locus heterogeneity
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