31. Negative emotions in bystanders can increase the probability of helping behaviours if the emergency is not ambiguous, the negative emotions are not too intense, and

a. the helping behaviours are relatively easy to perform

b. empathy for the person needing help is relatively weak

c. the helping behaviours are relatively interesting and satisfying

d. the individual who needs help is relatively interesting

32. Many of Garrett’s friends say that he tends to help others in need simply because he is a “good and decent guy.”  If so, then this example illustrates the importance of __________________ in terms of understanding prosocial behaviour.

a. motivation

b. dispositional differences

c. environmental differences

d. cognition

33. Jenny, a 5-year-old, may be most likely to exhibit helping behaviour after watching

a. no television at all

b. a humorous TV show

c. a TV show with prosocial content

d. a violent TV show

34. Personality dispositions are

a. weak determinants of our behaviour, not having much effect on the things we do

b. relatively stable characteristic behavioural tendencies

c. relatively temporary characteristic ways of responding to the environment

d. the result of prior learning experiences from conditioning or observation

35. Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should

a. increase her likelihood of receiving help

b. decrease her likelihood of receiving help from other women only

c. not affect whether she receives help or not

d. increase her likelihood of receiving help from men only

36. Two aspects of empathy are

a. taking another’s perspective and sympathizing with another person

b. sympathizing with another person and belief in a just world

c. sympathizing with another person and the presence of aggressive tendencies

d. an internal locus of control and not being egocentric

37. One component of empathy involves perspective taking. One type of perspective taking involves

a. imagining how the other person might resolve the problem that they are facing

b. imagining how you would feel if you were the cause of the other’s distress

c. imagining how you would behave if you were in the other person’s position

d. imagining how another person perceives an event and feels about it as a result

38. Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character’s lines before he says them. This situation illustrates

a. the type of perspective taking involved with imagining how you would feel if you were in the same situation as another individual

b. the type of perspective taking involved with an emotional reaction to the emotions experienced by a close significant other

c. the type of perspective taking involved with feeling empathy for and identifying with a fictional character

d. the type of perspective taking involved with a cognitive understanding of how others must feel in a particular situation

39. People who imagine how another person perceives an event and how that person must feel as a result tend to

a. be motivated by generativity

b. tend to be motivated by self-interest

c. be motivated to perform altruistic behaviours

d. tend to be motivated by the emotional responses of fictional characters

40. A Regina taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress—even though it was actually a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened because of

a. pure stupidity

b. his feelings of empathy

c. the fact that he is from Saskatchewan

d. the absence of the bystander effect